The Red Army infantry Division of 1941 was a lumbering, under equipped, poorly trained entity, whose paper strength was rarely equivalent to its actual disposition. Despite the experience gained during the Spanish Civil War, the border conflict with Japan and the war with Finland, the bulk of its forces had still to see action. Stalin's purges of the officer Corps during the late 1930's had decimated its ranks, depriving the Army of experienced commanders. Worse still the new commanders that had replaced them, were restricted from commanding their units by political officers who were attached to watch over them. Despite these early failings, the greatest success of the Red Army was its ability to reinvent itself. Despite its huge losses in 1941/42, it gradually learned the harsh lessons and adapted itself into a more efficient and formidable fighting force. By the end of the war, the Red Army had evolved into a gargantuan force, with over five hundred Infantry Divisions alone. These infantry Divisions were constantly reorganized throughout the campaign on the eastern Front to mould them into a more effective fighting force.
1941年的红军步兵师编制庞大,缺乏武器,训练水平低下。它的实际作战能力相比正常情况下的实力差了一大截。尽管红军在西班牙内战,对日作战和苏芬战争中积累了一些作战经验,但是大部分红军还是没有经过真正的战斗锻炼。更为糟糕的是新提拔上来的指挥官们大多是些政治官员,以前没有带兵的经验。面对这些早期的挫折,红军的巨大成功需要自身进行大刀阔斧的改革。尽管在1941年和1942年红军遭受了巨大的损失,但是它却学到了很多东西,形成了一个作战效率高,火力强大的军队。到战争结束时,红军成长为拥有500个步兵师的强大作战力量。这些步兵师在整个东线战场的各个战役中不断重组,锻炼成了越来越有效的作战力量。
The Rifle Division
步兵师
The Rifle Division in 1941 consisted of a Divisional Headquarters, with its own security Platoon, three infantry Regiments, a transport Company equipped with thirteen trucks and the Divisional support elements.
1941年的步兵师包括一个拥有自己警卫排的师指挥部,3个步兵团,1个装备13辆卡车的运输连和师属支援单位。
Support elements within the Division included a reconnaissance Battalion, consisting of a motorized rifle Company carried in nine trucks, an armoured car Company equipped with ten, BA-10 armoured cars and a light tank Company equipped with five T-38 tankettes.
支援单位包括1个侦察营,其中有1个装备9辆卡车的摩托化步兵连,1个装备BA-10装甲车的装甲车连和1个装备5辆T-38坦克的轻型坦克连。
Other support elements included the Divisional artillery Regiment, consisting of two field Battalions, each with two Gun Batteries, equipped with four 76mm F-22 USV guns and one howitzer Battery, equipped with four 122mm M30 howitzers. In addition there was a howitzer Regiment, consisting of two light Battalions, each with three Batteries of four 122mm M30 howitzers and one medium Battalion, with three Batteries of four 152mm M1938 howitzers. In 1942, the strength of the Regiment was increased to three Battalions, but the third Battalion consisted of only one 76mm Battery. In late 1944, the Regiment was reorganized for the final time. It was comprised of five 76mm F-22 USV Batteries, one 122mm Battery and one 120mm mortar Battery. Each battery was equipped with four weapons.
其他志愿单位包括师属炮兵团,下设2个野战炮营。每营2个加农炮连,每连4门76mmF-22USV火炮,1个榴弹炮连,装备4门122mmM30型榴弹炮。有的步兵师加强了1个榴弹炮团。下设2个轻型榴弹炮营,每营有装备4门122mmM30型榴弹炮的连队3个,装备4门152mmM1938型榴弹炮的连队1个。1942年榴弹炮兵团的兵力增加到3个营,第3营只有1个76mm加农炮连。1944年底,榴弹炮兵团进行了最后的重组。76mmF-22USV加农炮连5个,122mm榴弹炮连1个,120mm迫击炮连1个。每个连装备4门火炮。
The Divisional anti tank Battalion was equipped with twelve 45mm M1937 guns, in three Batteries. From 1943 onwards, the anti tank Battalions were gradually re-armed with the more modern 76mm Zis-3 guns.
师属反坦克营有3个反坦克连,装备12门45mmM1937型反坦克炮。1943年后,反坦克营换装为火力更为强大的76mmZis-3型加农炮。
The Divisional anti aircraft Battalion was comprised of two light Batteries, each equipped with four 37mm 72K M1939 guns and a heavy Battery equipped with four 76mm 61K M1931 guns and was supported by a fire control section.
师属高炮营下设2个轻型高炮连,每连4门37mm72K M1939型高炮。1个重型高炮连装备4门76mm61K M1931型高炮。整个高炮营划分区域进行火力支援。
The pioneer Battalion was comprised of three Companies, including a bridging Platoon capable of creating an 110m long, 3-ton bridge.
工兵营有3个工兵连,包括一个架桥排,能架设一座110米长,3吨的桥梁。
The chemical Company was comprised of a decontamination platoon, and a flamethrower platoon, equipped with 30 backpack flamethrowers, grouped into three platoons, each with three 8-man squads.
化学连包括1个净化排,1个装备30副火焰喷射器的火焰喷射器排。
Other support elements included a medical Battalion and a motor transport Battalion, comprised of an ammunition Platoon, a POL Platoon and a repair Platoon. The motor transport Battalion maintained a total of 120 trucks.
其他支援单位包括1个医护营和1个摩托化运输营,运输营有1个弹药运输排,1个POL排和1个维修排,全营共有卡车120辆。
The Divisions three Infantry Regiments were each comprised of a Regimental HQ, including both horse mounted and infantry reconnaissance Platoons, three infantry Battalions, a signal Company, an anti tank Battery which was comprised of three platoons, each equipped with two 45mm M1937 guns, an infantry gun Battalion, also of three Platoons and each quipped with two 76mm M1927 guns, a heavy mortar Battery, which operated four 120mm M1938 mortars, an anti aircraft Company, equipped with three quad mounted 7.62mm 4M M1931 machine guns and six 12.7mm DShK machine guns, and a pioneer Company consisting of two pioneer Platoons and a chemical Platoon.
3个步兵团每个团的兵力配置如下:
1个团部
骑兵侦察排和步兵侦察排,
3个步兵营
1个通信连
1个反坦克连,3个排装备45mmM1937型反坦克炮6门
1个步兵炮连,3个排装备76mmM1927型加农炮6门
1个重型迫击炮连,装备4门120mmM1938型迫击炮
1个防空连,装备3挺7.62mm 4MM1931型机枪,6挺12.7mmDShK机枪
1个工兵连,2个工兵排和1个化学排。
The Rifle Battalion
步兵营
The Russian rifle Battalion of June 1941, was composed of a Battalion Headquarters, formed by a Battalion Commander, his staff officers and a political officer. The HQ group also included a signal Platoon to maintain radio, wire and telephone communications, an anti tank Platoon, equipped with two 45mm M1937 guns, a supply Platoon which was entirely reliant on horses and wagons and a medical Detachment.
1941年6月的苏军步兵营兵力配置如下:
1个营部,包括营长和他的参谋军官,1个营政治委员
营部还包括1个通信排,负责无线电,电报和电话通讯
1个反坦克排,装备4门45mm M1937型加农炮
1个骑兵支援排
1个医疗分队。
Support elements within the Battalion consisted of a machine gun Company, which was comprised of a Company HQ and three Platoons, each equipped with four M1910 Maxim machine guns and a mortar Company comprising of a Company HQ and three Platoons, each equipped with a pair of PM-41 82mm mortars.
1个机枪连,包括连部和3个机枪排,每个排4挺M1910型马克沁机枪。
1个迫击炮连,保罗连部和3个迫击炮排,每排2门PM-41型82mm迫击炮。
The Battalions three Rifle Companies each comprised of a Company HQ, three Rifle Platoons, a Medical Detachment and a Machine Gun Platoon equipped with a pair of M1910 Maxims.
3个步兵连,每个连1个连部,3个步兵排,1个医疗分队,1个机枪排装备M1910型马克沁机枪2挺。
The three Rifle Platoons each consisted of a Platoon HQ with an Officer, Sergeant and runner and a Light Mortar Squad, which was led by an NCO, with a gunner and two ammunition bearers. The squad was equipped with a single 50mm light mortar.
每个步兵排包括1个排部(排部1个军官,1个中士,1个通信兵和1个轻型迫击炮小队,装备1门50mm轻型迫击炮。)
The four Rifle Squads within each Platoon were comprised of 11 men. On paper this should have been a remarkably well-armed unit. It comprised an NCO with a rifle, two men equipped for close combat with PPD sub machine guns, a large rifle element of six men, all armed with either the Mosin-Nagant or occasionally the SVT 40, and a gunner and loader for the Squad's single light machine gun, the Degtaryev DP.
每个排有4个步兵班,每班11个人。按规定步兵应该装备精良。其中1名军士装备步枪,两个士兵装备近战使用的PPD冲锋枪,6名士兵携带步枪,所有的枪械应该是莫辛纳干步枪或者SVT40狙击步枪,机枪手和装填手装备德加廖夫步兵轻机枪。
The severe losses suffered in the immediate aftermath of the German invasion saw manpower within the Rifle Battalions reduced in July 1941, in an attempt to reorganise them into an effective fighting force.
步兵营兵员的缺额在1941年7月德国入侵后立刻暴露出来,红军不断尝试重组步兵营来提升它的实际作战能力。
The Signals and Medical and Supply Platoons were all reduced in strength. The Anti Tank Gun Platoon was deleted entirely, denuding the Battalion of what minimal defence they could offer. The Mortar Company was reduced to a single Platoon of just two 82mm tubes, and then even this was deleted.
通信排,医护排和支援排被削弱了。反坦克排被直接撤销。迫击炮连减少为1个排2门82mm迫击炮,后来也被撤消了。
Within the Rifle Companies, the integral Machine Gun Platoon was deleted, as was the 50mm mortar Squad in each Rifle Platoon. Worse still, there were insufficient DP light machine guns available to arm all four Squads, so only two were issued per Platoon, leaving two Squads devoid of any automatic firepower. The issue of PPsh 41 SMG's was also cutback. In addition each Rifle Company now received its own Political Officer.
步兵连的机枪排被撤消了,每个排增加了1门50mm迫击炮。但是DP轻机枪的配置不足,每个排只有2挺,导致其中2个班缺乏自动武器。波波沙冲锋枪的数量也不够。但是没个步兵连都新配置了1名指导员。
It was obvious that the reductions imposed could only be a temporary measure while the Army as a whole attempted to stabilise itself. Gradually, the trend was reversed, and the Battalion became a more capable unit again.
很显然减少编制只是一个临时性的办法,整个红军正在进型过渡。渐渐地,营级单位越来越开始成为了主力作战单位。
Beginning in late 1941, enough LMG's were found to equip three Squads per Platoon, though manpower shortages probably made the creation of a fourth Squad academic in most cases. By early 1942, every Rifle Squad had its own LMG again. A new weapon, in the form of an Anti Tank Rifle, was also added. The weapon had been available in limited supply in 1941, however ammunition for it was not. The Battalion received sixteen of them in an anti-tank rifle Company of 48 men.
1941年底开始,每个排都组建了3个轻型迫击炮小队,而原本是计划组建4个迫击炮小队的,由于兵力缺乏,这一理论被取消了。到1942年初,每个步兵班都再次配置了自己的轻型迫击炮。并且增加了新式武器反坦克步枪。这种武器在1941年就配置到了部队,但是没有形成规模。每个步兵营的反坦克连有48个人,16把反坦克步枪。
In mid 1942 a new table of organisation was issued. The Mortar Company was reinstated, consisting of twelve 82mm tubes in an ungainly six Platoons. The Machine Gun Company lost one gun per Platoon, for a reduced total of nine. Each Rifle Company also received a 50mm mortar Platoon serving four tubes. The Rifle Squad's within the Platoons were reduced to nine men, consisting of a commander with an SMG, a gunner and loader serving the DP light machine gun, and six riflemen. The PPsh 41 sub machine gun was by now available in large numbers.
1942年中期,步兵营又进行了改组。迫击炮连恢复建制,包括12门82mm迫击炮,分成6个排。机枪连每个排减少1挺机枪,总共变成9挺。每个步兵连增加了1个50mm迫击炮排,每个排4门迫击炮。步兵班减少为9人,班长装备冲锋枪,机枪手和弹药手装备德加廖夫步兵轻机枪,6个步枪手。波波沙41型冲锋枪此时还没有大量生产。
At the end of 1942 several further amendments were made. Within the Rifle Squads, two Squads per Platoon were issued with a second DP light machine gun for a total of six in the Platoon. At Company level, the Mortar Platoon was reduced to seven men serving two tubes, while a four man Squad manning a Maxim machine gun were added. Of more importance, the Battalion finally received its own anti-tank guns, albeit only the 45mm, with two small Squads each serving a single gun.
1942年底,编制再次进行了修改。步兵排中的两个班各再装备1挺德加廖夫步兵轻机枪,使得步兵排的机枪总数增加为6挺。在连级单位上,迫击炮排减少为7人,2门迫击炮。但是增加了1个装备马克沁机枪的4人班。更重要的是,营级单位得到了自己的反坦克炮,虽然只有45mm口径。分为2个班,每个班1门火炮。
The Motor Rifle Battalion
车载步兵营
The motor rifle Battalion, were the Desant troops, riding with or in close proximity of the tanks they supported and deploying on foot during the assault, before jumping back onto their mounts to renew the advance. The support elements of the Battalion would be mainly truck borne to enable them to keep up with the rapid movement of the armoured forces they were tasked with supporting. The Battalion was a very lean formation and was provided with the bare minimum of support elements required to help it achieve its tasks.
车载步兵营是快速部队,乘坐卡车跟随坦克或者搭乘坦克前进,在进攻时下车徒步突击。车载步兵营的支援单位主要是卡车,士兵乘坐卡车迅速行动,跟随装甲部队进行支援。车载步兵营是一个非常有依赖性的兵种。需要有支援单位来帮助其完成作战任务。
The Battalion was comprised of a Battalion Headquarters with a small medical Detachment and a signals Platoon. In mid 1942, three armoured cars, of varying types were added as a light reconnaissance arm. The remainder of the Battalion was formed by three Rifle Companies, a mortar Platoon, equipped with six PM-41 82mm mortars, a machine gun Platoon, equipped with six DP LMG's, an anti tank Platoon equipped with two 45mm M1937 guns and a supply Platoon.
车载步兵营的组成包括:
营部
医疗班
通信排
1942年中期,增加了1个装备3辆装甲车的轻型侦察排。
3个步兵连
1个迫击炮排,6门PM-41型82mm迫击炮。
1个机枪排,6挺德加廖夫轻机枪
1个反坦克排,2门45mmM1937型反坦克炮
1个支援排。
Of the three rifle Companies, one was a submachine gun Company which rode with the tanks and two were lorry borne rifle Companies.
3个步兵连中,有1个是冲锋枪连,搭乘坦克。另外两个是步枪连。
The submachine gun Company was comprised of a Company HQ and three rifle Platoons, each formed from a Platoon HQ and three 8-man squads, all riflemen being equipped with the PPsh-41 sub machine gun. From 1943 onwards, the number of men in the rifle squad was increased to ten.
冲锋枪连包括1个连部和3个排,每个排包括1个排部和3个班,每班8个人,所有步兵装备波波沙-41型冲锋枪。从1943年开始,步兵班的人数增加为10人。
The rifle Companies were comprised of a Company HQ with a medical squad, and three rifle platoons each formed from a Platoon HQ and three 8-man squads.
步枪连包括1个配备医疗班的连部,3个步枪排,每排1个排部和3个步枪班,每班8人。
The Motorised Infantry Battalion
摩托化步兵营
The motorised infantry Battalion was a lorry borne unit, equipped with around sixty motor vehicles. It was very similar to the rifle Battalion of mid 1942 described previously. The major differences were as follows.
摩步营是一种车载步兵单位,装备60辆摩托化车辆。它和1942年中期的步兵营类似,但是有以下不同:
Each of its three Rifle Companies deployed three Platoons of four Squads, with one DP LMG each. The 50mm mortar Platoon was replaced by a two-gun machine gun Platoon. Initially, there was no integral machine gun Company, but later one was added serving nine weapons. The mortar Company was equipped with six 82mm tubes and the anti tank Battery was equipped with four 45mm guns.
每个摩托化步兵连有3个排,每个排4个班,其中1个是德加廖夫步兵轻机枪班。50mm迫击炮排取代了机枪排。取消了机枪连,但是后期增加了9挺机枪。迫击炮连装备6门82mm迫击炮,反坦克炮连装备4门45mm反坦克炮。 |